Kusiyana pakati pa OLT, ONU, rauta ndi switch

Choyamba, OLT ndi optical line terminal, ndipo ONU ndi optical network unit (ONU).Onsewa ndi zida zolumikizirana ndi ma netiweki za kuwala.Ndiwo ma module awiri ofunikira mu PON: PON (Passive Optical Network: Passive Optical Network).PON (passive optical network) amatanthauza kuti (optical distribution network) ilibe zipangizo zamagetsi ndi magetsi.ODN yonse ili ndi zida zongopanga chabe monga optical splitters (Splitter) ndipo safuna zida zamagetsi zogwira ntchito zodula.Network optical network imaphatikizapo optical line terminal (OLT) yomwe imayikidwa pamalo owongolera, ndi gulu la magawo oyamba ofananira ndi ma optical network (ONUs) omwe amayikidwa patsamba la ogwiritsa ntchito.The optical distribution network (ODN) pakati pa OLT ndi ONU ili ndi ma optical fibers ndi passive optical splitters kapena ma couplers.

Router (Rauta) ndi chipangizo chomwe chimalumikizana ndi maukonde osiyanasiyana amdera lanu komanso ma netiweki ambiri pa intaneti.Imasankha zokha ndikuyika njira molingana ndi momwe mayendedwe amayendera, ndikutumiza ma siginecha munjira yabwino komanso mwadongosolo.Router ndiye likulu la intaneti, "apolisi apamsewu".Pakalipano, ma routers akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera onse a moyo, ndipo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagulu osiyanasiyana zakhala mphamvu yaikulu pakuzindikira maulumikizidwe osiyanasiyana a msana wam'mbuyo, kugwirizanitsa maukonde a msana, ndi maukonde a msana ndi mautumiki a intaneti.Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayendedwe ndi masinthidwe ndikuti masinthidwe amachitika pagawo lachiwiri lachitsanzo cha OSI (data link layer), pomwe njira imachitika pagawo lachitatu, network network.Kusiyanaku kumatsimikizira kuti njira ndi zosinthira ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zowongolera posuntha chidziwitso, kotero njira ziwiri zokwaniritsira ntchito zawo ndizosiyana.

Router (Rauta), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti gateway device (Gateway), imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza maukonde angapo olekanitsidwa bwino.Zomwe zimatchedwa logic network zimayimira network imodzi kapena subnet.Deta ikatumizidwa kuchokera ku subnet kupita ku ina, zitha kuchitika kudzera munjira ya rauta.Choncho, rauta ili ndi ntchito yoweruza adilesi ya intaneti ndikusankha njira ya IP.Itha kukhazikitsa maulumikizidwe osinthika mumalo olumikizana ndi ma network ambiri.Ikhoza kulumikiza ma subnets osiyanasiyana ndi mapaketi a data osiyanasiyana ndi njira zopezera media.Router imangovomereza siteshoni kapena Chidziwitso cha ma routers ndi mtundu wa zida zolumikizidwa pamanetiweki wosanjikiza.